Stabilization of Arsenic-Bearing Smelter Slag Using Portland Cement and Blast Furnace Slag Binder

Abstract

Arsenic-bearing smelter slag generated from metallurgical industries poses significant environmental and health risks due to the potential leaching of toxic arsenic compounds into soil and groundwater systems. The present study investigates the stabilization of arsenic-containing smelter slag using Portland cement and blast furnace slag binder systems to improve waste immobilization and long-term environmental safety. Experimental analysis was conducted to evaluate the influence of binder composition, curing time, water-to-solid ratio, and slag content on mechanical strength development, arsenic immobilization efficiency, and leaching behavior. Results demonstrate that the combined use of Portland cement and blast furnace slag significantly enhances the stabilization process through hydration reactions and the formation of dense cementitious matrices capable of encapsulating arsenic-bearing particles. The study further reveals that blast furnace slag contributes to improved pozzolanic activity and reduced permeability, thereby decreasing arsenic mobility and enhancing long-term durability of the stabilized material. Optimized binder proportions resulted in substantial reductions in arsenic leachability while maintaining satisfactory compressive strength and structural integrity for safe disposal or potential construction-related applications. Comparative assessment with conventional cement stabilization methods confirms the superior environmental performance and reduced secondary pollution potential of blended binder systems. In addition, the utilization of industrial byproduct slag contributes to waste valorization and sustainable material management practices. The findings highlight the effectiveness of Portland cement and blast furnace slag binders for the stabilization of hazardous metallurgical waste and support the development of environmentally sustainable solidification technologies for industrial waste treatment and contaminated material management applications.