Phytostabilization of Lead and Zinc Contaminated Mine Tailings Using Native Grass Species Establishment

Abstract

Mine tailings contaminated with lead and zinc pose significant environmental risks due to metal mobility, dust generation, soil degradation, and potential contamination of surrounding ecosystems and groundwater resources. The present study investigates the phytostabilization of lead- and zinc-contaminated mine tailings through the establishment of native grass species under controlled environmental conditions. The research focuses on evaluating plant growth performance, metal immobilization efficiency, soil stabilization capability, and ecological adaptability of selected native grasses in contaminated tailing environments. Experimental analysis was conducted to assess the influence of soil amendments, pH conditions, nutrient availability, and metal concentration on vegetation establishment and contaminant stabilization behavior. Results demonstrate that native grass species effectively reduce erosion and limit the mobility of lead and zinc through root zone stabilization, rhizosphere interaction, and reduced surface runoff. The study further reveals that vegetation establishment significantly enhances soil structure and promotes the formation of stable organic matter complexes capable of reducing heavy metal bioavailability. Certain grass species exhibited strong tolerance to elevated metal concentrations while maintaining substantial biomass production and root development under adverse tailing conditions. Comparative assessment with conventional physicochemical remediation methods confirms that phytostabilization provides a cost-effective, environmentally sustainable, and minimally invasive approach for mine tailing rehabilitation. In addition, the use of native vegetation contributes to ecosystem restoration, biodiversity improvement, and long-term environmental management of mining-affected areas.