Phytoremediation Efficiency of Vetiver Grass for Simultaneous Lead and Cadmium Uptake from Polluted Soil

Abstract

Heavy metal contamination of soil caused by industrial activities, mining operations, and improper waste disposal poses serious environmental and public health concerns due to the toxicity and persistence of metals such as lead and cadmium. This study investigates the phytoremediation efficiency of vetiver grass for the simultaneous uptake and stabilization of lead and cadmium from polluted soil under controlled environmental conditions. The research focuses on evaluating metal accumulation capacity, plant growth performance, and remediation efficiency for sustainable soil restoration applications. Experimental analyses were conducted to examine the influence of initial metal concentration, soil pH, organic matter content, irrigation conditions, and exposure duration on heavy metal uptake and translocation behavior. Results demonstrated that vetiver grass exhibited strong tolerance to lead and cadmium contamination while maintaining stable growth and biomass production throughout the remediation period. Significant accumulation of heavy metals was observed primarily in the root system, indicating the effectiveness of vetiver grass in metal stabilization and reduced contaminant mobility within the soil environment. Kinetic evaluation revealed that metal uptake efficiency is strongly influenced by soil physicochemical properties and root–soil interactions. The phytoremediation process also contributed to improvement in soil quality and reduction of environmental toxicity associated with heavy metal contamination. Comparative assessment with conventional remediation methods indicated that vetiver-based phytoremediation offers advantages such as low operational cost, minimal environmental disturbance, and sustainable long-term treatment capability. Furthermore, the extensive root structure of vetiver grass enhanced soil stabilization and reduced the risk of contaminant leaching and erosion. The findings highlight the potential of vetiver grass as an effective and eco-friendly phytoremediation species for managing lead- and cadmium-contaminated soils and supporting environmental restoration initiatives.