Engineering Solutions for Reducing Lead Leaching from Aging Water Distribution Infrastructure Pipe Materials

Abstract

Lead leaching from aging water distribution infrastructure remains a critical public health concern due to the long-term use of lead-containing pipe materials, corrosion products, and deteriorating plumbing systems in municipal water networks. This study investigates engineering solutions for reducing lead leaching from aging water distribution infrastructure through integrated corrosion control, material optimization, and water quality management strategies. A comprehensive experimental and analytical evaluation was conducted to assess the influence of pipe material composition, water chemistry, pH, alkalinity, disinfectant concentration, hydraulic conditions, and corrosion inhibitor application on lead release behavior within drinking water systems. The proposed mitigation framework incorporates corrosion-resistant pipe replacement materials, optimized chemical conditioning, phosphate-based inhibitor treatment, and hydraulic management approaches to minimize lead dissolution and particulate lead release during water distribution. Water quality monitoring and corrosion analysis demonstrated that controlling pH stability and alkalinity significantly reduces lead mobilization and improves protective scale formation on pipe surfaces. Comparative evaluation revealed that advanced corrosion control strategies and replacement of deteriorated lead-containing components substantially improve drinking water safety and reduce long-term maintenance requirements. Furthermore, predictive modeling and continuous monitoring techniques enhanced the identification of high-risk distribution zones and supported proactive infrastructure rehabilitation planning.